Sodium Bicarbonate

October 2, 2020

Overview

Sodium bicarbonate is a salt that breaks down to form sodium and bicarbonate in water. This breakdown makes a solution alkaline, meaning it is able to neutralize acid. Because of this, sodium bicarbonate is often used to treat conditions caused by high acidity in the body, such as heartburn.

People use sodium bicarbonate for athletic performance, kidney damage caused by contrast dyes (contrast induced nephropathy), indigestion (dyspepsia), stomach ulcers, dental plaque, tooth discoloration, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

People also use sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda, as an ingredient in baking.

Classification

Is a Form of:

Salt

Primary Functions:

Athletic performance, kidney damage

Also Known As:

Baking Soda, Bicarbonate of Soda, Bread Soda, Cooking Soda, Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

How Does It Work?

Sodium bicarbonate is a salt that breaks down in fluids, including blood and urine, to form sodium and bicarbonate. This breakdown buffers the blood and makes it less acidic. This ability to neutralize acid helps treat conditions related to high acidity in bodily fluids, such as indigestion, which is caused by too much acid in the stomach.

Uses

Athletic performance. Research suggests that taking sodium bicarbonate by mouth 1-2 hours before short-term, high-intensity exercise improves power during exercise in trained men. Other research shows that taking sodium bicarbonate by mouth up to 3 hours before short-term, high-intensity exercise improves performance. However, taking sodium bicarbonate does not appear to improve performance in females or non-athletes. Also, it does not appear to improve performance during exercises that last longer than 10 minutes.
Kidney damage caused by contrast dyes (contrast induced nephropathy). Some research suggests that injecting sodium bicarbonate intravenously (by IV) before using contrast dyes during scans can reduce the risk of kidney damage. But it might not work better than other options.

Recommended Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

ADULT

BY MOUTH:

For athletic performance: 100-400 mg/kg body weight taken 1-3 hours before exercise has been used.

BY IV OR SHOT:

For kidney damage caused by contrast dyes (contrast induced nephropathy): A sodium bicarbonate solution has been administered by a healthcare provider before and after cardiac angiography.

Sodium Bicarbonate Supplements Frequently Asked Questions

What is sodium bicarbonate medication used for?

Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid used to relieve heartburn and acid indigestion. Your doctor also may prescribe sodium bicarbonate to make your blood or urine less acidic in certain conditions. This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

What does sodium bicarbonate do for kidneys?

On the other hand, sodium bicarbonate (AKA baking soda) is useful for some people with kidney disease. For them, baking soda makes the blood less acid, which slows the progression of kidney disease. However, people with healthy kidneys should NOT eat baking soda!

Can I take sodium bicarbonate daily?

The FDA suggests a maximum daily dosage of 200 mEq sodium and 200 mEq bicarbonate in people up to 60 years old, and maximum daily dosage of 100 mEq sodium and 100 mEq bicarbonate in people over 60 years old for up to 2 weeks. Taking sodium bicarbonate by mouth in high doses is POSSIBLY UNSAFE.

What are the side effects of taking sodium bicarbonate?

Aggravated congestive heart failure (CHF)
Cerebral hemorrhage.
Swelling (edema)
High blood sodium
Low blood calcium levels.
Low blood potassium levels.
Muscle spasms (associated with low calcium levels)
Metabolic alkalosis.

Can baking soda raise your blood pressure?

Consuming sodium bicarbonate can also raise your blood sodium levels, which may increase blood pressure in some people. In addition, large amounts of sodium can make your body retain water.

What does sodium bicarb do to the heart?

The alkaline substance, more commonly known as baking soda, has been given to heart attack victims to prevent lactic acidosis, a build-up of damaging acids in the blood. But the researchers found that solutions of the sodium bicarbonate worsened heart and liver functions in patients.

Can baking soda reverse kidney failure?

“A daily dose of baking soda could help patients with chronic kidney disease avoid having to undergo dialysis,” reported The Times . It said that research has found that sodium bicarbonate can dramatically slow the progress of the condition.

Is sodium bicarbonate safe for kidneys?

Sodium Bicarbonate Slows Chronic Kidney Disease Safely. BUDAPEST, Hungary — Sodium bicarbonate — long used, albeit sporadically, to correct metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease — is significantly better at slowing disease progression than standard care, and is safe, results from a large Italian trial indicate.

How much sodium bicarbonate can I take daily?

Is drinking baking soda bad for your heart?

Can I drink sodium bicarbonate?

Baking soda is a good treatment for immediate relief from occasional acid reflux. The recommended dosage for adults is 1/2 teaspoon dissolved in a 4-ounce glass of water. It's best to sip this drink slowly to avoid side effects like gas and diarrhea. You can repeat every two hours.

What is the benefit of sodium bicarbonate?

Sodium bicarbonate reduces stomach acid. It is used as an antacid to treat heartburn, indigestion, and upset stomach. Sodium bicarbonate is a very quick-acting antacid. It should be used only for temporary relief.

How much baking soda should I drink for inflammation?

Baking soda benefits

Try it: Combine 1/4 tsp. baking soda with 8 to 12 oz. of water. Drink a baking soda and water tonic after a meal twice a week, but for no more than four weeks.

Is sodium bicarbonate the same as baking soda?

Baking soda has only one ingredient: sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate is a base that reacts when it comes into contact with acids, like buttermilk, yogurt or vinegar. ... All baking powders contain sodium bicarbonate (just like baking soda). But baking powder also contains two acids.

When should you not take sodium bicarbonate?

Sodium Bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate 5% injection) Injection is contraindicated in patients with metabolic and respiratory alkalosis and in patients with hypocalcemia in which alkalosis may produce tetany.

Does baking soda clean your blood?

It helps to clear the blood and body tissues. The concoction removes uric acid from the blood and purifies it. Put 2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar and 1/2 tablespoon of baking soda in an empty glass. Let the mixture rest for a while, so that the bubble and the fizz settles down.

How long does sodium bicarbonate stay in your system?

Just keep in mind that the effects last only up to 24 hours after the last dose ( 37 , 38 ). Bottom Line: Sodium bicarbonate can be found in powder, pill or capsule form. Dosages of 90–135 mg/lbs (200–300mg/kg) should be taken up to 3 hours before exercise or as 3 or 4 smaller doses spread over the day.

Can you drink baking soda water daily?

With a daily cup of water with a teaspoon of baking soda, Brandon says you can regulate your body's pH level and help improve your hormone balance, nutrient absorption, and blood quality—all of which can help your kidney stay healthy.

Does baking soda improve kidney function?

Baking soda for kidney patients. “A daily dose of baking soda could help patients with chronic kidney disease avoid having to undergo dialysis,” reported The Times . It said that research has found that sodium bicarbonate can dramatically slow the progress of the condition.

Does sodium bicarbonate increase creatinine?

Fewer patients in the sodium bicarbonate group (16 of 50) developed a postoperative increase in serum creatinine compared with control (26 of 50) (odds ratio 0.43 [95% confidence interval 0.19–0.98]), (p = 0.043).

Clinical Studies

^ a b c Van Montfoort MC, et al. Effects of ingestion of bicarbonate, citrate, lactate, and chloride on sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2004)
^ a b c Mero AA, et al. Combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation enhances interval swimming. J Strength Cond Res. (2004)
^Booth BE, Gates J, Morris RC Jr. Grocery store baking soda. A source of sodium bicarbonate in the management of chronic metabolic acidosis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). (1984)
^Clinical review: Renal tubular acidosis – a physicochemical approach.
^Golembiewska E, Ciechanowski K. Renal tubular acidosis--underrated problem. Acta Biochim Pol. (2012)
^SCHWARTZ WB, et al. On the mechanism of acidosis in chronic renal disease. J Clin Invest. (1959)
^ a b Frassetto LA, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Effect of age on blood acid-base composition in adult humans: role of age-related renal functional decline. Am J Physiol. (1996)
^ a b GOODMAN AD, et al. PRODUCTION, EXCRETION, AND NET BALANCE OF FIXED ACID IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL ACIDOSIS. J Clin Invest. (1965)
^Lemann J Jr, Bushinsky DA, Hamm LL. Bone buffering of acid and base in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. (2003)
^Kraut JA. Disturbances of acid-base balance and bone disease in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. (2000)
^Allen A, Flemström G. Gastroduodenal mucus bicarbonate barrier: protection against acid and pepsin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. (2005)
^Sjöblom M, et al. Cholecystokinin but not ghrelin stimulates mucosal bicarbonate secretion in rat duodenum: Independence of feeding status and cholinergic stimuli. Regul Pept. (2013)
^Flemström G, et al. Effects of short-term food deprivation on orexin-A-induced intestinal bicarbonate secretion in comparison with related secretagogues. Acta Physiol (Oxf). (2010)
^Flemström G, et al. Apelin stimulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion: feeding-dependent and mediated via apelin-induced release of enteric cholecystokinin. Acta Physiol (Oxf). (2011)
^Kawamata K, Hayashi H, Suzuki Y. Chloride-dependent bicarbonate secretion in the mouse large intestine. Biomed Res. (2006)
^Vidyasagar S, Rajendran VM, Binder HJ. Three distinct mechanisms of HCO3- secretion in rat distal colon. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. (2004)
^ a b c d Price MJ, Singh M. Time course of blood bicarbonate and pH three hours after sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. (2008)
^Carr AJ, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate on {HCO3-}, pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2011)
^Renfree A. The time course for changes in plasma {h+} after sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. (2007)
^Ishibashi K, Sasaki S, Marumo F. Molecular cloning of a new sodium bicarbonate cotransporter cDNA from human retina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1998)
^ a b c d McMurtrie HL, et al. The bicarbonate transport metabolon. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. (2004)
^Molecular physiology and genetics of Na+-independent SLC4 anion exchangers.
^Cloning, Characterization, and Chromosomal Mapping of a Human Electroneutral Na+-driven Cl-HCO3Exchanger.
^Cloning and Characterization of a Na+-driven Anion Exchanger (NDAE1) A NEW BICARBONATE TRANSPORTER.
^Pushkin A, et al. Mapping of the human NBC3 (SLC4A7) gene to chromosome 3p22. Genomics. (1999)
^Abuladze N, et al. Axial heterogeneity of sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter expression in the rabbit proximal tubule. Am J Physiol. (1998)
^Abuladze N, et al. Structural organization of the human NBC1 gene: kNBC1 is transcribed from an alternative promoter in intron 3. Gene. (2000)
^Abuladze N, et al. Molecular cloning, chromosomal localization, tissue distribution, and functional expression of the human pancreatic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter. J Biol Chem. (1998)
^ a b c Gennari FJ, Cohen JJ. Role of the kidney in potassium homeostasis: lessons from acid-base disturbances. Kidney Int. (1975)
^The Renal Response in Man to Acute Experimental Respiratory Alkalosis and Acidosis.
^Calò L, et al. Kaliuresis in normal subjects following oral potassium citrate intake without increased plasma potassium concentration. Nephron. (1995)
^De Sousa RC, et al. Renal regulation of acid-base equilibrium during chronic administration of mineral acid. J Clin Invest. (1974)
^Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Micropuncture study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transport in rat nephron. Am J Physiol. (1966)
^Kassirer JP, Schwartz WB. The response of normal man to selective depletion of hydrochloric acid. Factors in the genesis of persistent gastric alkalosis. Am J Med. (1966)
^Aldosterone in Metabolic Alkalosis.
^ a b c Lindinger MI, et al. NaHCO(3) and KHCO(3) ingestion rapidly increases renal electrolyte excretion in humans. J Appl Physiol. (2000)
^van Buren M, et al. Effects of acute NaCl, KCl and KHCO3 loads on renal electrolyte excretion in humans. Clin Sci (Lond). (1992)
^ a b c d e f g Lemann J Jr, Gray RW, Pleuss JA. Potassium bicarbonate, but not sodium bicarbonate, reduces urinary calcium excretion and improves calcium balance in healthy men. Kidney Int. (1989)
^Lemann J Jr, Pleuss JA, Gray RW. Potassium causes calcium retention in healthy adults. J Nutr. (1993)
^Friese MA, et al. Acid-sensing ion channel-1 contributes to axonal degeneration in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system. Nat Med. (2007)
^ a b Ziemann AE, et al. The amygdala is a chemosensor that detects carbon dioxide and acidosis to elicit fear behavior. Cell. (2009)
^Wemmie JA, Price MP, Welsh MJ. Acid-sensing ion channels: advances, questions and therapeutic opportunities. Trends Neurosci. (2006)
^Xiong ZG, et al. Neuroprotection in ischemia: blocking calcium-permeable acid-sensing ion channels. Cell. (2004)
^Magnotta VA, et al. Detecting activity-evoked pH changes in human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2012)
^Chvátal A, et al. Stimulation-evoked changes in extracellular pH, calcium and potassium activity in the frog spinal cord. Physiol Bohemoslov. (1988)
^Neeper SA, et al. Exercise and brain neurotrophins. Nature. (1995)
^Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur J Neurosci. (2004)
^Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. (2002)
^ a b Gold SM, et al. Basal serum levels and reactivity of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor to standardized acute exercise in multiple sclerosis and controls. J Neuroimmunol. (2003)
^Ströhle A, et al. Acute exercise ameliorates reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. (2010)
^Rojas Vega S, et al. Impact of exercise on neuroplasticity-related proteins in spinal cord injured humans. Neuroscience. (2008)
^De Meirleir KL, et al. Exercise-induced prolactin release is related to anaerobiosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (1985)
^Gordon SE, et al. Effect of acid-base balance on the growth hormone response to acute high-intensity cycle exercise. J Appl Physiol. (1994)
^Rojas Vega S, et al. pH buffering does not influence BDNF responses to exercise. Int J Sports Med. (2012)
^ a b Dalsgaard MK, et al. The intent to exercise influences the cerebral O(2)/carbohydrate uptake ratio in humans. J Physiol. (2002)
^Ide K, et al. Lactate, glucose and O2 uptake in human brain during recovery from maximal exercise. J Physiol. (2000)
^Volianitis S, et al. The cerebral metabolic ratio is not affected by oxygen availability during maximal exercise in humans. J Physiol. (2008)
^van Hall G, et al. Blood lactate is an important energy source for the human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. (2009)
^ a b c d Volianitis S, et al. Plasma pH does not influence the cerebral metabolic ratio during maximal whole body exercise. J Physiol. (2011)
^Oldendorf W, Braun L, Cornford E. pH dependence of blood-brain barrier permeability to lactate and nicotine. Stroke. (1979)
^Busija DW, Heistad DD. Factors involved in the physiological regulation of the cerebral circulation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. (1984)
^Kontos HA, Raper AJ, Patterson JL. Analysis of vasoactivity of local pH, PCO2 and bicarbonate on pial vessels. Stroke. (1977)
^Aalkjaer C, Poston L. Effects of pH on vascular tension: which are the important mechanisms. J Vasc Res. (1996)
^Dacey RG Jr, Duling BR. A study of rat intracerebral arterioles: methods, morphology, and reactivity. Am J Physiol. (1982)
^Dietrich HH, Dacey RG Jr. Effects of extravascular acidification and extravascular alkalinization on constriction and depolarization in rat cerebral arterioles in vitro. J Neurosurg. (1994)
^Lindauer U, et al. Nitric oxide from perivascular nerves modulates cerebral arterial pH reactivity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. (2001)
^Lindauer U, et al. Cerebrovascular vasodilation to extraluminal acidosis occurs via combined activation of ATP-sensitive and Ca2+-activated potassium channels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. (2003)
^van Alfen-van der Velden AA, et al. Effects of rapid versus slow infusion of sodium bicarbonate on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation in preterm infants. Biol Neonate. (2006)
^ a b Buckley EM, et al. Sodium bicarbonate causes dose-dependent increases in cerebral blood flow in infants and children with single-ventricle physiology. Pediatr Res. (2013)
^Maddock RJ, et al. Elevated brain lactate responses to neural activation in panic disorder: a dynamic 1H-MRS study. Mol Psychiatry. (2009)
^Esquivel G, et al. Acids in the brain: a factor in panic. J Psychopharmacol. (2010)
^Friedman SD, et al. Brain pH response to hyperventilation in panic disorder: preliminary evidence for altered acid-base regulation. Am J Psychiatry. (2006)
^Gorman JM, et al. Normalization of venous pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate levels after blockade of panic attacks. Psychiatry Res. (1985)
^Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol. (2002)
^Coryell MW, et al. Targeting ASIC1a reduces innate fear and alters neuronal activity in the fear circuit. Biol Psychiatry. (2007)
^Wemmie JA, et al. Acid-sensing ion channel 1 is localized in brain regions with high synaptic density and contributes to fear conditioning. J Neurosci. (2003)
^Papp LA, Klein DF, Gorman JM. Carbon dioxide hypersensitivity, hyperventilation, and panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. (1993)
^Di Lorenzo R, et al. Acute alkalosis, but not acute hypocalcemia, increases panic behavior in an animal model. Physiol Behav. (1987)
^Gorman JM, et al. A comparison of sodium bicarbonate and sodium lactate infusion in the induction of panic attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (1989)
^Kraemer WJ, et al. Effects of different heavy-resistance exercise protocols on plasma beta-endorphin concentrations. J Appl Physiol. (1993)
^Goldfarb AH, et al. Beta-endorphin time course response to intensity of exercise: effect of training status. Int J Sports Med. (1991)
^Viru A, Tendzegolskis Z, Smirnova T. Changes of beta-endorphin level in blood during prolonged exercise. Endocrinol Exp. (1990)
^Taylor DV, et al. Acidosis stimulates beta-endorphin release during exercise. J Appl Physiol. (1994)
^ a b Goldsmith SR, et al. Influence of acid-base status on plasma catecholamines during exercise in normal humans. Am J Physiol. (1990)
^ a b Marx JO, et al. Effect of alkalosis on plasma epinephrine responses to high intensity cycle exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2002)
^ a b c Bouissou P, et al. Metabolic and blood catecholamine responses to exercise during alkalosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1988)
^ a b Mitchell TH, et al. Intravenous bicarbonate and sodium chloride both prolong endurance during intense cycle ergometer exercise. Am J Med Sci. (1990)
^Schoppen S, et al. Sodium bicarbonated mineral water decreases postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women compared to a low mineral water. Br J Nutr. (2005)
^Leake DS. Does an acidic pH explain why low density lipoprotein is oxidised in atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis. (1997)
^Morgan J, Leake DS. Oxidation of low density lipoprotein by iron or copper at acidic pH. J Lipid Res. (1995)
^ a b SLC4A5 solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, member 5.
^ a b c d Carey RM, et al. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure is associated with polymorphisms in the sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter. Hypertension. (2012)
^Hunt SC, et al. Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter polymorphisms are associated with baseline and 10-year follow-up blood pressures. Hypertension. (2006)
^Barkley RA, et al. Positional identification of hypertension susceptibility genes on chromosome 2. Hypertension. (2004)
^Stütz AM, et al. Functional identification of the promoter of SLC4A5, a gene associated with cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes in the HERITAGE Family Study. Eur J Hum Genet. (2009)
^Schorr U, Distler A, Sharma AM. Effect of sodium chloride- and sodium bicarbonate-rich mineral water on blood pressure and metabolic parameters in elderly normotensive individuals: a randomized double-blind crossover trial. J Hypertens. (1996)
^Coppoolse R, et al. Effect of acute bicarbonate administration on exercise responses of COPD patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1997)
^Farwell WR, Taylor EN. Serum bicarbonate, anion gap and insulin resistance in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabet Med. (2008)
^DeFronzo RA, Beckles AD. Glucose intolerance following chronic metabolic acidosis in man. Am J Physiol. (1979)
^McCarty MF. Acid-base balance may influence risk for insulin resistance syndrome by modulating cortisol output. Med Hypotheses. (2005)
^Schoppen S, et al. Does bicarbonated mineral water rich in sodium change insulin sensitivity of postmenopausal women. Nutr Hosp. (2007)
^Smellie WS, et al. Effects of changes in acid base and calcium concentration on fasting serum insulin, proinsulin, and glucose concentrations. J Clin Pathol. (1994)
^ a b Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. No effect of bicarbonate treatment on insulin sensitivity and glucose control in non-diabetic older adults. Endocrine. (2010)
^ a b c Hood VL, et al. Systemic pH modifies ketone body production rates and lipolysis in humans. Am J Physiol. (1990)
^Hjemdahl P, Fredholm BB. Cyclic AMP-dependent and independent inhibition of lipolysis by adenosine and decreased pH. Acta Physiol Scand. (1976)
^Akanji AO, Hockaday TD. Acetate tolerance and the kinetics of acetate utilization in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. (1990)
^Galloway SD, Maughan RJ. The effects of induced alkalosis on the metabolic response to prolonged exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1996)
^ a b Smith GI, Jeukendrup AE, Ball D. Sodium acetate induces a metabolic alkalosis but not the increase in fatty acid oxidation observed following bicarbonate ingestion in humans. J Nutr. (2007)
^Bouffard Y, et al. Pulmonary gas exchange during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. (1986)
^Karetzky MS, Cain SM. Oxygen uptake stimulation following Na-L-lactate infusion in anesthetized dogs. Am J Physiol. (1969)
^Harken AH. Hydrogen ion concentration and oxygen uptake in an isolated canine hindlimb. J Appl Physiol. (1976)
^Patterson RW, Sullivan SF. Determinants of oxygen uptake during sodium bicarbonate infusion. J Appl Physiol. (1978)
^Bouffard Y, et al. Metabolic effects of hemodialysis with and without glucose in the dialysate. Kidney Int. (1993)
^De Backer WA, et al. Hypoxemia during hemodialysis: effects of different membranes and dialysate compositions. Kidney Int. (1983)
^ a b Ball D, Greenhaff PL, Maughan RJ. The acute reversal of a diet-induced metabolic acidosis does not restore endurance capacity during high-intensity exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1996)
^ a b Gougeon-Reyburn R, Marliss EB. Effects of sodium bicarbonate on nitrogen metabolism and ketone bodies during very low energy protein diets in obese subjects. Metabolism. (1989)
^Greenhaff PL, Gleeson M, Maughan RJ. The effects of dietary manipulation on blood acid-base status and the performance of high intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1987)
^Greenhaff PL, et al. Dietary composition and acid-base status: limiting factors in the performance of maximal exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1987)
^Greenhaff PL, Gleeson M, Maughan RJ. The effects of a glycogen loading regimen on acid-base status and blood lactate concentration before and after a fixed period of high intensity exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1988)
^Morris LR, Murphy MB, Kitabchi AE. Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med. (1986)
^Hale PJ, Crase J, Nattrass M. Metabolic effects of bicarbonate in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). (1984)
^Davis JA. Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and directions for future research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1985)
^Sahlin K, et al. Acid-base balance in blood during exhaustive bicycle exercise and the following recovery period. Acta Physiol Scand. (1978)
^Osnes JB, Hermansen L. Acid-base balance after maximal exercise of short duration. J Appl Physiol. (1972)
^Matson LG, Tran ZV. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: a meta-analytic review. Int J Sport Nutr. (1993)
^ a b c d Kilding AE, Overton C, Gleave J. Effects of caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, and their combined ingestion on high-intensity cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2012)
^ a b Sale C, et al. Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2011)
^ a b c Douroudos II, et al. Dose-related effects of prolonged NaHCO3 ingestion during high-intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2006)
^ a b c d e Driller MW, et al. The effects of serial and acute NaHCO3 loading in well-trained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res. (2012)
^ a b c d e Carr AJ, Gore CJ, Dawson B. Induced alkalosis and caffeine supplementation: effects on 2,000-m rowing performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2011)
^ a b c d Kupcis PD, et al. Influence of sodium bicarbonate on performance and hydration in lightweight rowing. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. (2012)
^ a b c d e f g Cameron SL, et al. Increased blood pH but not performance with sodium bicarbonate supplementation in elite rugby union players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2010)
^ a b Vanhatalo A, et al. Effect of induced alkalosis on the power-duration relationship of "all-out" exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2010)
^ a b c McNaughton L, Dalton B, Palmer G. Sodium bicarbonate can be used as an ergogenic aid in high-intensity, competitive cycle ergometry of 1 h duration. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1999)
^ a b c Stephens TJ, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate on muscle metabolism during intense endurance cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2002)
^ a b Gaitanos GC, et al. Repeated bouts of sprint running after induced alkalosis. J Sports Sci. (1991)
^ a b Costill DL, et al. Acid-base balance during repeated bouts of exercise: influence of HCO3. Int J Sports Med. (1984)
^ a b c Bishop D, et al. Induced metabolic alkalosis affects muscle metabolism and repeated-sprint ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2004)
^Spriet LL, et al. Effects of alkalosis on skeletal muscle metabolism and performance during exercise. Am J Physiol. (1986)
^ a b c Hollidge-Horvat MG, et al. Effect of induced metabolic acidosis on human skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise. Am J Physiol. (1999)
^Mainwood GW, Worsley-Brown P. The effects of extracellular pH and buffer concentration on the efflux of lactate from frog sartorius muscle. J Physiol. (1975)
^Kleger GR, et al. Acute metabolic acidosis decreases muscle protein synthesis but not albumin synthesis in humans. Am J Kidney Dis. (2001)
^Rodríguez-Bayona B, Peragón J. Stimulation of rat-liver branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity by chronic metabolic acidosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. (1998)
^May RC, et al. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism in rat muscle: abnormal regulation in acidosis. Am J Physiol. (1987)
^Combaret L, Taillandier D, Attaix D. Nutritional and hormonal control of protein breakdown. Am J Kidney Dis. (2001)
^Pickering WP, et al. Nutrition in CAPD: serum bicarbonate and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in muscle. Kidney Int. (2002)
^Nielsen HB, et al. Bicarbonate attenuates intracellular acidosis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. (2002)
^Gonzalez NC, Zamagni M, Clancy RL. Effect of alkalosis on maximum oxygen uptake in rats acclimated to simulated altitude. J Appl Physiol. (1991)
^ a b Nielsen HB, et al. Bicarbonate attenuates arterial desaturation during maximal exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. (2002)
^Hollidge-Horvat MG, et al. Effect of induced metabolic alkalosis on human skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2000)
^Fabiato A, Fabiato F. Effects of pH on the myofilaments and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skinned cells from cardiace and skeletal muscles. J Physiol. (1978)
^Donaldson SK, Hermansen L, Bolles L. Differential, direct effects of H+ on Ca2+ -activated force of skinned fibers from the soleus, cardiac and adductor magnus muscles of rabbits. Pflugers Arch. (1978)
^Lännergren J, Westerblad H. Force decline due to fatigue and intracellular acidification in isolated fibres from mouse skeletal muscle. J Physiol. (1991)
^ a b c Price MJ, Simons C. The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on high-intensity intermittent running and subsequent performance. J Strength Cond Res. (2010)
^ a b c d Siegler JC, et al. Effects of various sodium bicarbonate loading protocols on the time-dependent extracellular buffering profile. J Strength Cond Res. (2010)
^Poole DC, et al. Contribution of exercising legs to the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans. J Appl Physiol. (1991)
^Rossiter HB, et al. Dynamics of intramuscular 31P-MRS P(i) peak splitting and the slow components of PCr and O2 uptake during exercise. J Appl Physiol. (2002)
^ a b c Berger NJ, et al. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion alters the slow but not the fast phase of VO2 kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2006)
^ a b Kolkhorst FW, et al. Effects of sodium bicarbonate on VO2 kinetics during heavy exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2004)
^Forbes SC, et al. NaHCO3-induced alkalosis reduces the phosphocreatine slow component during heavy-intensity forearm exercise. J Appl Physiol. (2005)
^Santalla A, et al. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion does not alter the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in professional cyclists. J Sports Sci. (2003)
^Heck KL, et al. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion does not attenuate the VO2 slow component during constant-load exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. (1998)
^ a b Zoladz JA, et al. Preexercise metabolic alkalosis induced via bicarbonate ingestion accelerates Vo2 kinetics at the onset of a high-power-output exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. (2005)
^ a b Hunter AM, et al. The effect of induced alkalosis and submaximal cycling on neuromuscular response during sustained isometric contraction. J Sports Sci. (2009)
^ a b Siegler JC, Hirscher K. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and boxing performance. J Strength Cond Res. (2010)
^Wu CL, et al. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation prevents skilled tennis performance decline after a simulated match. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2010)
^ a b c d Zabala M, et al. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance and perceptual responses in a laboratory-simulated BMX cycling qualification series. J Strength Cond Res. (2008)
^ a b c Zabala M, et al. Bicarbonate ingestion has no ergogenic effect on consecutive all out sprint tests in BMX elite cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2011)
^ a b Carr AJ, et al. Reliability and effect of sodium bicarbonate: buffering and 2000-m rowing performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. (2012)
^Lidor R, et al. Measurement of talent in judo using a unique, judo-specific ability test. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (2005)
^Artioli GG, et al. Does sodium-bicarbonate ingestion improve simulated judo performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2007)
^Portington KJ, et al. Effect of induced alkalosis on exhaustive leg press performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1998)
^Webster MJ, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exhaustive resistance exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1993)
^McNaughton L, et al. Effects of chronic bicarbonate ingestion on the performance of high-intensity work. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1999)
^Robergs R, et al. Influence of pre-exercise acidosis and alkalosis on the kinetics of acid-base recovery following intense exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2005)
^Kozak-Collins K, Burke ER, Schoene RB. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion does not improve performance in women cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1994)
^ a b Price M, Moss P, Rance S. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2003)
^Bishop D, Claudius B. Effects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2005)
^Lavender G, Bird SR. Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion upon repeated sprints. Br J Sports Med. (1989)
^ a b Lambert CP, et al. Influence of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on plasma ammonia accumulation during incremental exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1993)
^Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman C. Effects of chronic NaHCO3 ingestion during interval training on changes to muscle buffer capacity, metabolism, and short-term endurance performance. J Appl Physiol. (2006)
^ a b Driller MW, et al. The effects of chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and interval training in highly trained rowers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2013)
^ a b Brien DM, McKenzie DC. The effect of induced alkalosis and acidosis on plasma lactate and work output in elite oarsmen. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1989)
^Siegler JC, et al. Metabolic alkalosis, recovery and sprint performance. Int J Sports Med. (2010)
^Potteiger JA, et al. The effects of buffer ingestion on metabolic factors related to distance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1996)
^Tiryaki GR, Atterbom HA. The effects of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate on 600 m running time of trained females. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (1995)
^Bird SR, Wiles J, Robbins J. The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on 1500-m racing time. J Sports Sci. (1995)
^Brooks GA. The lactate shuttle during exercise and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1986)
^Bryner RW, et al. Effect of lactate consumption on exercise performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (1998)
^Fahey TD, et al. The effects of ingesting polylactate or glucose polymer drinks during prolonged exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. (1991)
^ a b Siegler JC, Gleadall-Siddall DO. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and repeated swim sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. (2010)
^Tan F, et al. Effects of induced alkalosis on simulated match performance in elite female water polo players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2010)
^ a b Pruscino CL, et al. Effects of sodium bicarbonate, caffeine, and their combination on repeated 200-m freestyle performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2008)
^Lindh AM, et al. Sodium bicarbonate improves swimming performance. Int J Sports Med. (2008)
^Gao JP, et al. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves performance in interval swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1988)
^ a b Mc Naughton L, Thompson D. Acute versus chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and anaerobic work and power output. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (2001)
^ a b Price MJ, Cripps D. The effects of combined glucose-electrolyte and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exercise performance. J Sports Sci. (2012)
^ a b c Mueller SM, et al. Multiday acute sodium bicarbonate intake improves endurance capacity and reduces acidosis in men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2013)
^Krapf R, et al. Chronic metabolic acidosis increases the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in humans by stimulating its production rate. Critical role of acidosis-induced renal hypophosphatemia. J Clin Invest. (1992)
^Lemann J Jr, Litzow JR, Lennon EJ. The effects of chronic acid loads in normal man: further evidence for the participation of bone mineral in the defense against chronic metabolic acidosis. J Clin Invest. (1966)
^Lemann J, Litzow JR, Lennon EJ. Studies of the mechanism by which chronic metabolic acidosis augments urinary calcium excretion in man. J Clin Invest. (1967)
^ a b Barzel US, Jowsey J. The effects of chronic acid and alkali administration on bone turnover in adult rats. Clin Sci. (1969)
^ a b Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res. (2008)
^Heer M, et al. Increasing sodium intake from a previous low or high intake affects water, electrolyte and acid-base balance differently. Br J Nutr. (2009)
^Frings-Meuthen P, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol. (2011)
^Krieger NS, Sessler NE, Bushinsky DA. Acidosis inhibits osteoblastic and stimulates osteoclastic activity in vitro. Am J Physiol. (1992)
^ a b Kraut JA, et al. The effects of metabolic acidosis on bone formation and bone resorption in the rat. Kidney Int. (1986)
^Hanson DA, et al. A specific immunoassay for monitoring human bone resorption: quantitation of type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides in urine. J Bone Miner Res. (1992)
^ a b Frick KK, Bushinsky DA. Metabolic acidosis stimulates RANKL RNA expression in bone through a cyclo-oxygenase-dependent mechanism. J Bone Miner Res. (2003)
^Maurer M, et al. Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. (2003)
^Frassetto LA, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid-producing diet. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. (2007)
^ a b c d Buehlmeier J, et al. Alkaline salts to counteract bone resorption and protein wasting induced by high salt intake: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2012)
^Schoppen S, et al. Sodium-bicarbonated mineral water decreases aldosterone levels without affecting urinary excretion of bone minerals. Int J Food Sci Nutr. (2008)
^ a b Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Treatment with potassium bicarbonate lowers calcium excretion and bone resorption in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2009)
^Lutz J. Calcium balance and acid-base status of women as affected by increased protein intake and by sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Am J Clin Nutr. (1984)
^ a b Sakhaee K, et al. Contrasting effects of potassium citrate and sodium citrate therapies on urinary chemistries and crystallization of stone-forming salts. Kidney Int. (1983)
^Sebastian A, et al. Improved mineral balance and skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate. N Engl J Med. (1994)
^Anderson LA, Orchardson R. The effect of chewing bicarbonate-containing gum on salivary flow rate and pH in humans. Arch Oral Biol. (2003)
^McCombs GB, Green ML, Root J. Effects of a chewable sodium bicarbonate oral composition on plaque and gingivitis. J Contemp Dent Pract. (2001)
^Kleber CJ, Davidson KR, Rhoades ML. An evaluation of sodium bicarbonate chewing gum as a supplement to toothbrushing for removal of dental plaque from children's teeth. Compend Contin Educ Dent. (2001)
^Kleber CJ, et al. An evaluation of sodium bicarbonate chewing gum in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis in conjunction with regular toothbrushing. Compend Contin Educ Dent. (2001)
^Sharma NC, Galustians JH, Qaqish JG. An evaluation of a commercial chewing gum in combination with normal toothbrushing for reducing dental plaque and gingivitis. Compend Contin Educ Dent. (2001)
^ a b Mankodi SM, Conforti N, Berkowitz H. Efficacy of baking soda-containing chewing gum in removing natural tooth stain. Compend Contin Educ Dent. (2001)
^ a b Soparkar P, Newman MB. A clinical investigation to evaluate reduction in dental stain provided by the once-daily use of a breath mint or chewing gum. Compend Contin Educ Dent. (2001)
^ a b Soparkar P, Newman MB. Effects of a Baking Soda Gum on extrinsic dental stain: results of a longitudinal 4-week assessment. Compend Contin Educ Dent. (2001)
^Tamaki N, et al. A new portable monitor for measuring odorous compounds in oral, exhaled and nasal air. BMC Oral Health. (2011)
^Tessier JF, Kulkarni GV. Bad breath: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Oral Health. (1991)
^Bosy A. Oral malodor: philosophical and practical aspects. J Can Dent Assoc. (1997)
^Tonzetich J. Direct gas chromatographic analysis of sulphur compounds in mouth air in man. Arch Oral Biol. (1971)
^Brunette DM. Effects of baking-soda-containing dentifrices on oral malodor. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl. (1996)
^Brunette DM, Proskin HM, Nelson BJ. The effects of dentifrice systems on oral malodor. J Clin Dent. (1998)
^ a b Rösing CK, Jonski G, Rølla G. Comparative analysis of some mouthrinses on the production of volatile sulfur-containing compounds. Acta Odontol Scand. (2002)
^Wild JE, et al. Oral malodor control afforded through the use of sodium bicarbonate-containing chewing gum. Compend Contin Educ Dent. (2001)
^Metabolic acidosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management.
^Cogan MG, et al. Normal diet NaCl variation can affect the renal set-point for plasma pH-(HCO3-) maintenance. J Am Soc Nephrol. (1990)
^Kurtz I, et al. Effect of diet on plasma acid-base composition in normal humans. Kidney Int. (1983)
^Hoste EA, et al. Sodium bicarbonate versus THAM in ICU patients with mild metabolic acidosis. J Nephrol. (2005)
^Szeto CC, et al. Oral sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of metabolic acidosis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized placebo-control trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. (2003)
^Goraya N, et al. A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. (2013)
^Bellinger PM, et al. Effect of combined β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2012)
^Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews.
^Ceglia L, et al. Potassium bicarbonate attenuates the urinary nitrogen excretion that accompanies an increase in dietary protein and may promote calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2009)
^He FJ, et al. Effects of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate on endothelial function, cardiovascular risk factors, and bone turnover in mild hypertensives. Hypertension. (2010)
^Gennari FJ. Pathophysiology of metabolic alkalosis: a new classification based on the centrality of stimulated collecting duct ion transport. Am J Kidney Dis. (2011)
^Huber L, Gennari FJ. Severe metabolic alkalosis in a hemodialysis patient. Am J Kidney Dis. (2011)
^Acid-Base Disorders in End-Stage Renal Disease: Part II.
Driller MW, et al. The effects of chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and interval training in highly trained rowers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2013)
Siegler JC, et al. Pre-exercise alkalosis and acid-base recovery. Int J Sports Med. (2008)