Overview

Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid. Non-essential amino acids can be made by the body, so they don't have to be provided by food. Most amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. However, some like beta-alanine are used to make other chemicals in the body.

Beta-alanine is commonly used by mouth for improving athletic performance and exercise capacity, building lean muscle mass, and improving physical functioning in the elderly. It is also used for hot flashes, but there is limited scientific research to support this use.

Classification

Is a Form of:

Non-essential amino acid

Primary Functions:

Improving athletic performance and exercise capacity

Also Known As:

3-aminopropanoic acid, 3-aminopropionic Acid, Acide 3-aminopropanoïque, Acide 3-aminopropionique, Acide Aminé Non Essentiel

How Does It Work?

Beta-alanine is an amino acid. In the body it is converted to other chemicals that can affect muscle.

Uses

• Athletic performance. Taking beta-alanine can modestly improve some measures of athletic performance. However, not all research shows positive effects with beta-alanine on athletic performance. Scientists are trying to determine why beta-alanine might work better for some types of exercise than others. Some scientists think that beta-alanine might help to improve the amount of exercise done but not how well it is done. The conflicting results might be due to the small numbers of participants in the studies, the different types of exercise used in the studies, or the types of athletes studied.
• Physical performance in elderly adults. Some research shows that taking beta-alanine supplements improves physical performance and delays muscle tiredness in older adults.

Recommended Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

ADULTS

BY MOUTH:

• For athletic performance: 2.4-6.4 grams of beta-alanine daily has been used for up to 10 weeks.
• For physical performance in elderly adults: 800 mg three times daily has been used for up to 28 days. 800-1600 mg twice daily has been used for up to 12 weeks.

Beta-Alanine Supplements Frequently Asked Questions

What does beta alanine do for you?

Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid. Beta-alanine is commonly used by mouth for improving athletic performance and exercise capacity, building lean muscle mass, and improving physical functioning in the elderly. It is also used for hot flashes, but there is limited scientific research to support this use.

When should I take beta alanine?

It is important to note that beta-alanine is best taken daily regardless of training schedule. Because beta-alanine works by increasing muscle concentrations of carnosine, it does not need to be taken around a training session to produce results.

Is Beta Alanine safe long term?

Beta-alanine safety

In studies using the non-sustained release supplement, paraesthesia has generally been reported to disappear within 60 to 90 min following supplementation. Currently, there is no safety data on the long-term use of beta-alanine.

Does beta alanine increase strength?

Conclusions. β-Alanine supplementation was effective at increasing power output when lifting loads equivalent to the individual's maximal strength or when working at maximum power output.

Should you take beta alanine everyday?

The recommended dose is 2–5 grams daily. Although excessive amounts may cause tingling in the skin, beta-alanine is considered to be a safe and effective supplement to boost exercise performance.

Can beta alanine help lose weight?

IN SHORT: Beta-alanine primarily works to increase endurance and efficiency of your muscle energy system. Improvements in muscle from beta-alanine has shown the ability to increases strength, endurance, power output, and can even play a role in weight loss.

Is Beta Alanine bad for you?

You can get beta-alanine from foods that contain carnosine or through supplements. The recommended dose is 2–5 grams daily. Although excessive amounts may cause tingling in the skin, beta-alanine is considered to be a safe and effective supplement to boost exercise performance.

Does beta alanine affect kidneys?

Over time, β-alanine can deplete taurine from tissues, including renal tissue, thereby upregulating the synthesis and activity of TauT.

Does beta alanine have side effects?

When taken by mouth: Beta-alanine is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately for a short time. Side effects have not been reported with moderate doses of beta-alanine. High doses can cause flushing and tingling.

Does beta alanine cause erectile dysfunction?

Some people have reported tingling of the skin after taking large doses of beta-alanine. Beta-alanine may interact with some heart medications and with drugs for erectile dysfunction.

Does beta alanine affect the heart?

Beta-alanine, as a method to increase muscle carnosine, has been shown to enhance muscle buffering capacity and delay fatigue. It is hypothesized that beta-alanine will increase physical working capacity at heart rate threshold, thereby signifying a delay in fatigue.

Which is better beta alanine or creatine?

Just remember that creatine helps with short, intense bursts of power, while beta alanine stops lactic acid from getting into your muscles and fatiguing you during longer, more endurance type workouts.

Is Beta Alanine a BCAA?

Beta alanine is another naturally occurring amino acid, and it's linked to levels of carnosine in muscle tissue. Add a serving of beta alanine (3-6g) to your pre-workout alongside BCAA's. The combination will help protect muscle tissue during a tough workout, and could help minimise fatigue during training, too.

How long does it take for beta alanine to work?

The most dramatic results are generally experienced within the 3-4 week range but they don't stop there. Recent research is now showing carnosine levels continue to increase for a minimum of 12 weeks which is why we recommend staying on beta-alanine for at least three months to optimize your carnosine levels.

How long do beta alanine tingles last?

Although it's not the same for everybody, tingles/itch generally start about 15 minutes after taking beta-alanine and last for about 30 minutes.

Is Beta Alanine natural?

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring, and therefore, non-essential amino acid, meaning healthy individuals biosynthesize the amount necessary for normal function.

How do you stop beta alanine itching?

The main strategy is to split up your doses, advises Reimers. He suggests taking smaller amounts throughout the day instead of taking one large dose just before hitting the gym. This should significantly reduce the beta-alanine tingling you experience. You can also try reducing your dosage.

Is Beta Alanine worth taking?

You can get beta-alanine from foods that contain carnosine or through supplements. The recommended dose is 2–5 grams daily. Although excessive amounts may cause tingling in the skin, beta-alanine is considered to be a safe and effective supplement to boost exercise performance.

Should I take beta alanine before or after my workout?

It is important to note that beta-alanine is best taken daily regardless of training schedule. Because beta-alanine works by increasing muscle concentrations of carnosine, it does not need to be taken around a training session to produce results.

Is Beta Alanine a vasodilator?

Beta alanine is not actually a buffer itself but is the rate limiting factor in the production of muscle carnosine in the body, a natural regulator of pH levels in muscle. In addition, extreme vasodilation may be experienced due to carnosine being a strong precursor to nitric oxide production (a strong vasodilator).

Is Beta Alanine FDA approved?

Natural Alternatives' CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine Receives New Dietary Ingredient Status From The FDA. Natural Alternatives International, Inc. CarnoSyn® is the only beta-alanine that has successfully obtained NDI status with the FDA.

Clinical Studies

• ^ a b c Hoffman J, et al. Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2006)
• ^ Miyaji K, et al. Characteristic metabolism of free amino acids in cetacean plasma: cluster analysis and comparison with mice. PLoS One. (2010)
• ^ a b Abe H. Role of histidine-related compounds as intracellular proton buffering constituents in vertebrate muscle. Biochemistry (Mosc). (2000)
• ^ a b c Yeum KJ, et al. Profiling histidine dipeptides in plasma and urine after ingesting beef, chicken or chicken broth in humans. Amino Acids. (2010)
• ^ a b c Gil-Agustí M1, Esteve-Romero J, Carda-Broch S. Anserine and carnosine determination in meat samples by pure micellar liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. (2008)
• ^ Abe H, et al. Role of histidine-related compounds to intracellular buffering in fish skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. (1985)
• ^ Drozak J, et al. Molecular identification of carnosine synthase as ATP-grasp domain-containing protein 1 (ATPGD1). J Biol Chem. (2010)
• ^ a b Miyaji T, et al. Expression profiles of carnosine synthesis-related genes in mice after ingestion of carnosine or ß-alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2012)
• ^ Dutka TL, Lamb GD. Effect of carnosine on excitation-contraction coupling in mechanically-skinned rat skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. (2004)
• ^ Chez MG, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol. (2002)
• ^ a b Hipkiss AR. On the enigma of carnosine’s anti-ageing actions. Exp Gerontol. (2009)
• ^ Boldyrev AA. Does carnosine possess direct antioxidant activity. Int J Biochem. (1993)
• ^ a b Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-carnosine, a potential anti-protein-cross-linking agent. FEBS Lett. (1995)
• ^ a b Bauer K, Schulz M. Biosynthesis of carnosine and related peptides by skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. Eur J Biochem. (1994)
• ^ a b Dunnett M, Harris RC. Influence of oral beta-alanine and histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius. Equine Vet J Suppl. (1999)
• ^ Matthews MM, Traut TW. Regulation of N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase, the terminal enzyme in pyrimidine catabolism, by ligand-induced change in polymerization. J Biol Chem. (1987)
• ^ a b c Derave W, et al. beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters. J Appl Physiol (1985). (2007)
• ^ a b Hill CA, et al. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids. (2007)
• ^ a b Everaert I, et al. Effect of beta-alanine and carnosine supplementation on muscle contractility in mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2012)
• ^ a b Teufel M, et al. Sequence identification and characterization of human carnosinase and a closely related non-specific dipeptidase. J Biol Chem. (2003)
• ^ Sauerhöfer S, et al. L-carnosine, a substrate of carnosinase-1, influences glucose metabolism. Diabetes. (2007)
• ^ Fuller AT, Neuberger A, Webster TA. Histidine deficiency in the rat and its effect on the carnosine and anserine content of muscle. Biochem J. (1947)
• ^ a b Tamaki N, et al. Effect of histidine-free and -excess diets on anserine and carnosine contents in rat gastrocnemius muscle. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (1977)
• ^ a b Baguet A, et al. Effects of sprint training combined with vegetarian or mixed diet on muscle carnosine content and buffering capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2011)
• ^ a b c Derave W, et al. Creatine supplementation augments skeletal muscle carnosine content in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). Rejuvenation Res. (2008)
• ^ Hipkiss AR. Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated pathologies?. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2006)
• ^ Hipkiss AR. Glycation, ageing and carnosine: are carnivorous diets beneficial. Mech Ageing Dev. (2005)
• ^ a b c d Baguet A, et al. Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance. J Appl Physiol. (2010)
• ^ Parkhouse WS, et al. Buffering capacity of deproteinized human vastus lateralis muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). (1985)
• ^ Tallon MJ, et al. The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res. (2005)
• ^ Suzuki Y, et al. The effect of sprint training on skeletal muscle Carnosine in humans. Int J Sport Health Sci. (2004)
• ^ a b Kendrick IP, et al. The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition. Amino Acids. (2008)
• ^ Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Willan PL. Effects of isokinetic training of the knee extensors on high-intensity exercise performance and skeletal muscle buffering. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1994)
• ^ Peñafiel R, et al. Gender-related differences in carnosine, anserine and lysine content of murine skeletal muscle. Amino Acids. (2004)
• ^ Aruoma OI, Laughton MJ, Halliwell B. Carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine: could they act as antioxidants in vivo?. Biochem J. (1989)
• ^ Kang JH, et al. Protective effects of carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine against peroxyl radical-mediated Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase modification. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2002)
• ^ a b Choi SY, et al. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase fragmentation: protection by carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1999)
• ^ Harris CI, Milne G. The identification of the N tau-methyl histidine-containing dipeptide, balenine, in muscle extracts from various mammals and the chicken. Comp Biochem Physiol B. (1987)
• ^ Mora L, Sentandreu MA, Toldrá F. Hydrophilic chromatographic determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine. J Agric Food Chem. (2007)
• ^ Fuller AT, Neuberger A, Webster TA. Histidine deficiency in the rat and its effect on the carnosine and anserine content of muscle. Biochem J. (1947)
• ^ a b Gardner ML1, et al. Intestinal absorption of the intact peptide carnosine in man, and comparison with intestinal permeability to lactulose. J Physiol. (1991)
• ^ Hama T, et al. Intestinal absorption of beta-alanine, anserine and carnosine in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (1976)
• ^ Kamal MA, et al. Influence of genetic knockout of Pept2 on the in vivo disposition of endogenous and exogenous carnosine in wild-type and Pept2 null mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. (2009)
• ^ Geissler S, et al. The bioactive dipeptide anserine is transported by human proton-coupled peptide transporters. FEBS J. (2010)
• ^ a b c d Stellingwerff T, et al. Effect of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids. (2012)
• ^ Kendrick IP, et al. The effect of 4 weeks beta-alanine supplementation and isokinetic training on carnosine concentrations in type I and -II human skeletal muscle fibres. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2009)
• ^ Stegen S, et al. Meal and beta-alanine coingestion enhances muscle carnosine loading. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2013)
• ^ McFarland GA, Holliday R. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp Cell Res. (1994)
• ^ McFarland GA, Holliday R. Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide L-carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol. (1999)
• ^ Shao L, Li QH, Tan Z. L-carnosine reduces telomere damage and shortening rate in cultured normal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2004)
• ^ Morimoto RI. Proteotoxic stress and inducible chaperone networks in neurodegenerative disease and aging. Genes Dev. (2008)
• ^ Rosenberger RF. Senescence and the accumulation of abnormal proteins. Mutat Res. (1991)
• ^ Hansen M, et al. Lifespan extension by conditions that inhibit translation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell. (2007)
• ^ Hipkiss AR. On why decreasing protein synthesis can increase lifespan. Mech Ageing Dev. (2007)
• ^ Naudí A, et al. Methionine restriction decreases endogenous oxidative molecular damage and increases mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling protein 4 in rat brain. Rejuvenation Res. (2007)
• ^ Miller RA, et al. Methionine-deficient diet extends mouse lifespan, slows immune and lens aging, alters glucose, T4, IGF-I and insulin levels, and increases hepatocyte MIF levels and stress resistance. Aging Cell. (2005)
• ^ Hipkiss AR. Carnosine, a protective, anti-ageing peptide. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. (1998)
• ^ Kohen R, et al. Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1988)
• ^ Calabrese V, et al. Protective effect of carnosine during nitrosative stress in astroglial cell cultures. Neurochem Res. (2005)
• ^ Cai W, et al. Reduced oxidant stress and extended lifespan in mice exposed to a low glycotoxin diet: association with increased AGER1 expression. Am J Pathol. (2007)
• ^ Vinson JA, Howard TB III. Inhibition of protein glycation and advanced glycation end products by ascorbic acid and other vitamins and nutrients. J Nutr Biochem. (1996)
• ^ Hipkiss AR, et al. Protective effects of carnosine against malondialdehyde-induced toxicity towards cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett. (1997)
• ^ Hipkiss AR, Chana H. Carnosine protects proteins against methylglyoxal-mediated modifications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1998)
• ^ Aldini G, et al. Carnosine is a quencher of 4-hydroxy-nonenal: through what mechanism of reaction?. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2002)
• ^ Orioli M, et al. HNE Michael adducts to histidine and histidine-containing peptides as biomarkers of lipid-derived carbonyl stress in urines: LC-MS/MS profiling in Zucker obese rats. Anal Chem. (2007)
• ^ Orioli M, et al. LC-ESI-MS/MS determination of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal Michael adducts with cysteine and histidine-containing peptides as early markers of oxidative stress in excitable tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. (2005)
• ^ Schröder L, Schmitz C, Bachert P. Molecular dynamics and information on possible sites of interaction of intramyocellular metabolites in vivo from resolved dipolar couplings in localized 1H NMR spectra. J Magn Reson. (2004)
• ^ Ikeda D, et al. Carnosine stimulates vimentin expression in cultured rat fibroblasts. Cell Struct Funct. (1999)
• ^ Kueper T, et al. Vimentin is the specific target in skin glycation. Structural prerequisites, functional consequences, and role in skin aging. J Biol Chem. (2007)
• ^ Son DO, et al. Inhibitory effect of carnosine on interleukin-8 production in intestinal epithelial cells through translational regulation. Cytokine. (2008)
• ^ Hipkiss AR, et al. Pluripotent protective effects of carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (1998)
• ^ Bharadwaj LA, et al. L-carnosine and verapamil inhibit hypoxia-induced expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1 alpha) in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Pharmacol Res. (2002)
• ^ Bonner AB, et al. Lysosomal and nonlysosomal protease activities of the brain in response to ethanol feeding. Alcohol. (1995)
• ^ Odashima M, et al. Induction of a 72-kDa heat-shock protein in cultured rat gastric mucosal cells and rat gastric mucosa by zinc L-carnosine. Dig Dis Sci. (2002)
• ^ Odashima M, et al. Zinc L-carnosine protects colonic mucosal injury through induction of heat shock protein 72 and suppression of NF-kappaB activation. Life Sci. (2006)
• ^ Ohkawara T, et al. Polaprezinc protects human colon cells from oxidative injury induced by hydrogen peroxide: relevant to cytoprotective heat shock proteins. World J Gastroenterol. (2006)
• ^ Yuneva AO, et al. Effect of carnosine on Drosophila melanogaster lifespan. Bull Exp Biol Med. (2002)
• ^ Stvolinsky S, et al. Effect of carnosine and its Trolox-modified derivatives on life span of Drosophila melanogaster. Rejuvenation Res. (2010)
• ^ a b Yuneva MO, et al. Effect of Carnosine on Age-Induced Changes in Senescence-Accelerated Mice. J Anti-Aging Med. (1999)
• ^ a b Gallant S, Semyonova M, Yuneva M. Carnosine as a potential anti-senescence drug. Biochemistry (Mosc). (2000)
• ^ Takeuchi K, Toyohara H, Sakaguchi M. A hyperosmotic stress-induced mRNA of carp cell encodes Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent high affinity taurine transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2000)
• ^ a b c d Murakami T, Furuse M. The impact of taurine- and beta-alanine-supplemented diets on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in mice: antidepressant versus anxiolytic-like effects. Amino Acids. (2010)
• ^ Jong CJ, Azuma J, Schaffer SW. Role of mitochondrial permeability transition in taurine deficiency-induced apoptosis. Exp Clin Cardiol. (2011)
• ^ Jong CJ, et al. Effect of beta-alanine treatment on mitochondrial taurine level and 5-taurinomethyluridine content. J Biomed Sci. (2010)
• ^ Song NY, et al. Interaction between taurine and GABA(A)/glycine receptors in neurons of the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Brain Res. (2012)
• ^ Wu FS, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Dual activation of GABAA and glycine receptors by beta-alanine: inverse modulation by progesterone and 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one. Eur J Pharmacol. (1993)
• ^ Yadid G, Youdim MB, Zinder O. Uptake and receptor sites for glycine in isolated bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin cells. Neuroscience. (1993)
• ^ Stvolinskii SL, et al. Protective effect of carnosine on Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase during impaired oxidative metabolism in the brain in vivo. Bull Exp Biol Med. (2003)
• ^ a b c Boldyrev A, et al. Carnosine {corrected} increases efficiency of DOPA therapy of Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Rejuvenation Res. (2008)
• ^ Haorah J, et al. Stabilization of superoxide dismutase by acetyl-L-carnitine in human brain endothelium during alcohol exposure: novel protective approach. Free Radic Biol Med. (2011)
• ^ Dobrota D, et al. Carnosine protects the brain of rats and Mongolian gerbils against ischemic injury: after-stroke-effect. Neurochem Res. (2005)
• ^ a b Hipkiss AR. Could carnosine or related structures suppress Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. (2007)
• ^ Yan H, Harding JJ. Carnosine protects against the inactivation of esterase induced by glycation and a steroid. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2005)
• ^ Seidler NW, Yeargans GS, Morgan TG. Carnosine disaggregates glycated alpha-crystallin: an in vitro study. Arch Biochem Biophys. (2004)
• ^ Ericson M, et al. Beta-alanine elevates dopamine levels in the rat nucleus accumbens: antagonism by strychnine. Amino Acids. (2010)
• ^ McGregor NR, et al. Preliminary determination of a molecular basis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Biochem Mol Med. (1996)
• ^ McGregor NR, et al. Preliminary determination of the association between symptom expression and urinary metabolites in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome. Biochem Mol Med. (1996)
• ^ Hannestad U, Theodorsson E, Evengård B. Beta-alanine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. (2007)
• ^ Scriver CR, Pueschel S, Davies E. Hyper-beta-alaninemia associated with beta-aminoaciduria and gamma-aminobutyricaciduaia, somnolence and seizures. N Engl J Med. (1966)
• ^ a b Harris RC, et al. The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids. (2006)
• ^ Baguet A, et al. Beta-alanine supplementation reduces acidosis but not oxygen uptake response during high-intensity cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. (2010)
• ^ Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev. (1994)
• ^ Artioli GG, et al. Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2010)
• ^ a b Stout JR, et al. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women. Amino Acids. (2007)
• ^ Stout JR, et al. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 years): a double-blind randomized study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2008)
• ^ a b Hoffman JR, et al. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players. Nutr Res. (2008)
• ^ a b Zoeller RF, et al. Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion. Amino Acids. (2007)
• ^ a b c d Hoffman J, et al. Beta-alanine and the hormonal response to exercise. Int J Sports Med. (2008)
• ^ a b c Hobson RM, et al. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis. Amino Acids. (2012)
• ^ Ducker KJ, Dawson B, Wallman KE. Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on 2,000-m rowing-ergometer performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2012)
• ^ a b Walter AA, et al. Six weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without beta-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in women. J Strength Cond Res. (2010)
• ^ a b Kern BD, Robinson TL. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players. J Strength Cond Res. (2011)
• ^ Sweeney KM, et al. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on power performance during repeated sprint activity. J Strength Cond Res. (2010)
• ^ Bogdanis GC, et al. Power output and muscle metabolism during and following recovery from 10 and 20 s of maximal sprint exercise in humans. Acta Physiol Scand. (1998)
• ^ Bishop D, Claudius B. Effects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2005)
• ^ Bishop D, et al. Induced metabolic alkalosis affects muscle metabolism and repeated-sprint ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2004)
• ^ Kern B, Robinson T. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2009)
• ^ Chung W, et al. Effect of 10-week beta-alanine supplementation on competition and training performance in elite swimmers. Nutrients. (2012)
• ^ a b Smith AE, et al. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2009)
• ^ a b Stout JR, et al. Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res. (2006)
• ^ Jordan T, et al. Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) during treadmill running: Pre/post 2 treatment experimental design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2010)
• ^ Goto K, et al. Hormonal responses to resistance exercise after ingestion of carnosine and anserine. J Strength Cond Res. (2011)
• ^ a b Kerai MD, et al. The effect of taurine depletion by beta-alanine treatment on the susceptibility to ethanol-induced hepatic dysfunction in rats. Alcohol Alcohol. (2001)
• ^ a b Dawson R Jr, et al. The cytoprotective role of taurine in exercise-induced muscle injury. Amino Acids. (2002)
• ^ a b Pansani MC, et al. Atrophic cardiac remodeling induced by taurine deficiency in Wistar rats. PLoS One. (2012)
• ^ a b c Parildar H, et al. Lipid peroxidation potential and antioxidants in the heart tissue of beta-alanine- or taurine-treated old rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2008)
• ^ Sale C, et al. Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2011)
• ^ Bellinger PM, et al. Effect of combined β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2012)
• ^ Harris RC, et al. Changes in muscle carnosine of subjects with 4 weeks supplementation with a controlled release formulation of beta-alanine (CarnosynTM), and for 6 weeks post. FASEB J. (2009)
• ^ Kerai MD, et al. Taurine: protective properties against ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and lipid peroxidation during chronic ethanol consumption in rats. Amino Acids. (1998)
• ^ Pansani MC, et al. Atrophic cardiac remodeling induced by taurine deficiency in Wistar rats. PLoS One. (2012)
• Harris RC, Söderlund K, Hultman E. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Sci (Lond). (1992)
• Diet and Refsum's disease. The determination of phytanic acid and phytol in certain foods and the application of this knowledge to the choice of suitable convenience foods for patients with Refsum's disease.
• Rawson ES, et al. Creatine supplementation does not improve cognitive function in young adults. Physiol Behav. (2008)
• Benton D, Donohoe R. The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores. Br J Nutr. (2011)
• Phytanic acid: measurement of plasma concentrations by gas–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and associations with diet and other plasma fatty acids.